Carl Shapiro is Professor of the Graduate School at the Haas School of Business and the Department of Economics at the University of California at Berkeley. Shapiro had the honor of serving as a Senate-confirmed Member of the President’s Council of Economic Advisers during 2011-12. For the two years immediately prior to that, he was the Deputy Assistant Attorney General for Economics at the Antitrust Division of the U.S. Department of Justice; he also held that position during 1995-96. Shapiro is the co-author, with Hal R. Varian, of Information Rules: A Strategic Guide to the Network Economy. Shapiro has published extensively in the areas of industrial organization, competition policy, patents, the economics of innovation, and competitive strategy. Shapiro also has testified as an expert witness on behalf of the government in a number of important antitrust cases.